Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Definition of a Football Fan

Meaning of a Football Fan first draft Football fans are by definition insane. They carry on madly; they are crazy about the past, and they are madly steadfast. On the off chance that their group parts with something free, the fans hurry to the arena to get the cap or watever. Football fans downright carry on madly. Baseball fans go also nuts when their preferred groups part with some appealing complimentary gift. In any case, football fans are surprisingly more dreadful. Football fans freeze themselves so as to watch their preferred game. Furthermore, football fans embellish their homes with football-related things of each kind.When they go to a game, which they do as regularly as could be expected under the circumstances, the genuine football fans make themselves look strange by brightening themselves in odd group related ways. At the game, these fans do the â€Å"wave†more than they watch the game. Football fans love to discuss the past. They talk about William â€Å"Refrig erator† Perry’s 1985 Super Bowl touchdown as if it had happened a week ago. They despite everything get all exicited about 1988’s â€Å"Fog Bowl†. They talk about John Elway’s last game just as it’s today’s news, however it occurred in 1999.They figure everybody ought to be as energized as they are about such old stories. Finally, football fans are madly faithful to their preferred group. Football fans never wear their group T-shirts and warm-up coats all over the place, even to work. Obviously, in the event that they need to spruce up in business garments, they can’t do that. Should their cherished group lose three of every a line, their fans may start to censure their group. They still fanatically observe each game and read all the news tales about it.This extreme dependability makes fans risky. To any individual who challenges to state to a devoted fan that another group is better, or, God preclude, to anybody meandering clos e to the home cheering area wearing the coat of the contrary group, physical harm is a genuine chance. Occurrences of viciousness in football arena have expanded as of late and involve developing concern. Football fans truly go about as though they’er insane. They carry on madly, they are wild about the past, and they are excessively faithful. Last form What is a football fan?The word â€Å"fan† is a truncation of â€Å"fanatic†, which means â€Å"an crazy or insane person†. On account of football fans, the term is fitting. They carry on madly, they are crazy about the past, and they are madly faithful. Football fans wear their officail group T-shirts and warm-up coats to the shopping center, the market, the study hall, and evenâ€if the far off can pull off itâ€to work. On the off chance that the group offers a giveaway thing, the fans hurry to the arena to guarantee the cap or sports pack or water bottle that is being passed out that day.Baseball f ans go also nuts when their preferred groups part with some alluring complimentary gift. Football farns downright carry on madly. Indeed, even the way that fans spend the coldest months of the year clustering on frigid mental seats in places like Chicago demonstrates it. What's more, football fans enrich their homes with football-related things of each sort. To them, group guard stickers have a place on vehicle guards, yet in addition on chimney shelves and front entryways. At the point when they go to a game, which they do as frequently as could reasonably be expected, they additionally improve their bodies.True football fans not just put in their group coats and get their flags yet in addition paint their heads to seem as though protective caps or wear gleam in obscurity cheeseheads. At the game, these fans give tremendous vitality to attempting to get a â€Å"wave† going. Football fans are madly interested by the past. They talk about William â€Å"Refrigerator† Per ry’s 1985 Super Bowl touchdown as if it had happened a week ago. They portray the â€Å"Fog Bowl† as though thick haze covered yesterday’s game, not 1988’s season finisher coordinate between the philadelphia Eagles annd the Chicago Bears.They energetically talk about John Elway’s last gamebefore resigning. †when he won the 1999 Superbowl and got MVP honors†as though it were present news. Also, on the off chance that you can’t mange to get amped up for such antiquated history, they take a gander at you as if you were the crazy one. Finally, football fans are madly faithful to their preferred group, frequently perilously so. Should their dearest group lose three out of a column, fans may start to respond contrarily as an approach to cover up their messed up hearts.They still obbsessively observe each game and spend the whole day a while later perusing and tuning in to the postgame editorial in papers, on TV sports sections, and on sp orts radio. Further, this serious loyaly makes fans hazardous. To any individual who challenges to state to an unwavering fan that another group has better players or mentors, or, God restrict, to anybody meandering close to the home cheering area wearing the coat of the contrary group, physical harm is a genuine chance. Ridiculous noses, dark wyes, and brooken bones are only a portion of the wounds delivered on individuals cheering an inappropriate group hae fans are near. In 1997, one man endured a blackout at a game in Philadelphia when Eagles fans beat him in the mood for wearing a coat with another team’s emblem. From February through August, footbalal fans act like some other individuals. They settle their charges, take out the trash, and grumble aboput the high cast of living. Be that as it may, when September moves around, the hues and radios go on, the record books fall off the racks, and the dedication returns. For the genuine football fan, another period of crazine ss has started.

Monday, August 3, 2020

Moving On, Moving Out, and the Conservation of Freshmen

Moving On, Moving Out, and the Conservation of Freshmen As of noon today, I am officially done with my first year at MIT. I turned in my last final, walked out of the exam room into the bright Boston sunshine and that was it. Part of me is still wondering when my next problem set is due and why Im not stressing out about it. The other part of me keeps on asking, Okay, so you finished one year, congratulationsbut what now? What now, indeed. As I mentioned before, this Saturday Im heading home to South Bend for a week to recover and recharge before starting my summer UROP. Family, friends, my real bedyes, even though MIT feels like home, Im definitely looking forward to going back. Before I take off on Saturday, though, I have to deal with what I think has to be the least glamorous and least enjoyable part of the overall college experience: packing. I view packing as one of lifes necessary evils: it can be tedious and time-consuming, but youve gotta do it. And in the long run, I know its not only necessary but definitely worth it, since Im finally moving into my fraternitys house in Boston. Of course, Ive had a great time in Simmons this past year (and there are more than a few Greek guys who choose to live in the dorms like Alan 09, who lives down the hall from me), but Im really excited to try living somewhere new this summer. Besides, its Boston. That being said, the actual process packing still makes me sad inside. Right now, Im sorting all the detritus Ive accumulated in my room over the past year into three basic piles : Bring Home, Keep, and Junk. (If it helps, you can think of the piles as the fundamental solutions of the system of my room. Or I could stop trying to make jokes about 18.03.) Basically, everything in the Bring Home pile will eventually end up in one of my big red suitcases (clothes, toiletries, super-secret gift for my parents and sisters) or my backpack (laptop, Starship Troopers, iPod), with a little space leftover in case I want to bring anything back from South Bend. Everything in the Keep pile, meanwhile, is destined for surprise! a box of some sort. Ill be leaving most of these boxes (old textbooks, the majority of my personal book collection) in storage over the summer, but of course some (more clothes, my poker chips, some books Ive been meaning to read) will eventually be unpacked as I get settled into my summer room in Skullhouse. As for Junk? Well, most of it is headed for the trash can. I dont really want to bore you with the details of things I throw away, except that due to my extreme packrat nature, which Im trying to fight its a lot. ;) Some things, though, Ill be donating to StuffFest. Whats StuffFest? Well, heres a picture of StuffFest going on in Simmons: Basically, StuffFest consists of students putting all the old stuff they no longer want clothes, books, food, and so on in some central location in the dorm. For about a week, the pile is a free-for-all; any student can take anything they want from it, for free. After everyones moved out of the dorms (or into their summer dorm assignments, same difference), a few volunteers from each dorm sort and bag all the leftover stuff so it can be donated to charity. In addition to the student volunteers I mentioned, StuffFest is organized by MIT SAVE (Share A Vital Earth), one of the many student groups on campus, with additional support from the Environment, Health, and Safety Office. Im not a member of SAVE or anything, but I really like how StuffFest takes advantage of the end-of-term rush to achieve a genuinely positive result for the community, so I felt it was definitely worth blogging. Before I get back to packing, I have two last last tidbits. First off, Neil Gaiman is coming to MIT Friday! Ive loved Neils work ever since a friend recommended Neverwhere to me back in high school its still a toss-up as to whether I like that novel or American Gods more and Im incredibly excited to actually meet him in person. Keep an eye out for pictures!) Finally, according to the upperclassmen, even though Im finished with my finals for freshman year, Im not actually a sophomore. Apparently, MIT observes a principle known as the Conservation of Freshmen, which basically states that there must always be frosh. Accordingly, although sophomores become juniors and juniors become seniors immediately upon completing their finals, the freshmen are stuck as freshmen until the next class comes on campus for Orientation. So apparently, there just arent sophomores between June and August. Seriously, I couldnt make this stuff up if I tried. Post Tagged #Simmons Hall

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Holocaust-concentration Camps Essay - 610 Words

Concentration Camps nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Concentration Camps were a big part of the Holocaust. My first topic is the concentration camp Dachau. Then I will talk about another concentration camp called Bergen-Belsen. After that, I will tell you about the concentration camp Treblinka. Finally, the last concentration I will talk about is Auschwitz-Birkenau. Describing these camps will inform you that concentration camps were a huge part of the Holocaust. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dachau was a devastating concentration camp of the Holocaust. Dachau was built in 1933. At first, it was a extermination camp for Jewish people and political prisoners. Then it became a full-time concentration camp for prisoners. In 1943, the Nazis†¦show more content†¦They had some mass graves to put the bodies in, but most were just lying around. The most famous person from this camp was Anne Frank. Her diary lead today’s generation to fully understand this period of time. When the camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, the British found 10,000 unburied bodies, and 40,000 sick, starving, or wounded. Thus proves this camp was one of the most horrifying camps of the Holocaust. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another camp called Treblinka was a pure killing center. This death camp opened in 1942, making it one of the last death camps to open. The whole purpose of this place was to kill Jews. They did this with 13 carbon-monoxide chambers. The people were sent to the camp by trains, unloaded, and sent into changing rooms. They were forced to give up their clothes and put new ones on. They were sent to either so called quot;showersquot;, or a mass grave where they were shot. The carbon-monoxide chambers were disguised as the quot;showers.quot; As soon as the Jews were in, they locked the doors and started pouring gas into them. This was the way they killed the prisoners. The Nazis killed about 50,000 people per month, making it the most efficient concentration camps ever made. This made Treblinka a pure killing center. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most notorious concentration camp ever was Auschwitz-Birkenau. Auschwitz was opened in April of 1940. It became the first Annihilation death camp. It was also the largest death camp.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Holocaust: The Concentration Camps1484 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust is the most terrible human action in the history. It absolutely marks the ending of the previous mentality of human-beings. Therefore, a new round of discovery of evilness of human nature has been established. Best uncovering the truth of Holocaust will help prevent the furthur destuction of humanism, which is the most important mission of the society after World War II. There are many sources of Holocaust trying to best uncover the truth, such as the inhabitant’s experience of the immediateRead MoreThe Concentration Camps During The Holocaust1516 Words   |  7 PagesEleven million people died during the Holocaust of these eleven million people 2.4 million died from me dical experiments conducted by German forces. These experiments were conducted mainly for three reasons. The first of which was to help the Germans gain knowledge that would help them better understand things that would have been viewed as threats or weaknesses to their military (Holocaust Museum). For example the Germans knew little of hypothermia and the weather located on the eastern front,Read MoreConcentration Camps During The Holocaust1675 Words   |  7 PagesImagine being pried away from your family. Not only that, but being left at the concentration camps, knowing that you are about to face the dreaded word â€Å"death†. 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The short narrative is written by Elie Wiesel, an orthodox Jew, that was taken from his home in Sighet, a small town in Transylvania and forced to experience life within the walls of one of the deadliest concentration camps of the Holocaust. It was not until 1944 that Hungary, where Wiesel and his family resided, was affected by the catastropheRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Concentration Camp2097 Words   |  9 Pagesdeserve to be treated that way. The holocaust started in January 30, 1933. The president during the time was Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany. In march 20, 1933 an officers opened the Dachau concentration camp outside of Munich. The camp was help for people like jews to be tortured and it wasn t any good thing about the concentration camp. The Dachau concentration camp was the first regular concentration camp established by the National Socialist government. This cam p was located on the grounds ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Concentration Camps On The Holocaust931 Words   |  4 PagesSam Gaglias English I Mrs. Novik 14 October 2014 Summer camps are fun, but Concentration Camps aren’t History is like a huge puzzle. People can keep find missing pieces to the story as they learn more about it. The Holocaust was one of those moments in history that has lead our minds to curiosity about why such a thing would occur at some point in time. For example, concentration camps. Concentration camps are one of those moments in history that make people’s jaws drop because of how flabbergastedRead MoreEssay on Concentration Camps and The Holocaust647 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holocaust was a horrifing event where many innocent humans were hopelesslt slaughtered in concentration camps or just shot. Thats why we study about the Holocaust, so it doesnt happen again. It started with Hitler. Hitler was a solider in the first World War and was injuredmultiple times in combat. When Germany lost the war, Hitler was enraged because he put himself in the face of danger and was injured for his country and they lost. This event combined with some childhood events was the startRead MoreThe Concentration Camps During The Holocaust1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of conducting camps used to incarcerate, degrade and essentially murder millions of innocent people who were deemed ‘unsuitable’ would be barbaric, nonsensical and deranged to nearly any person. But what was truly intriguing was the fact that these camps were at a point in time supported and encouraged by many. The formation of these camps known as â€Å"Concentration Camps† were notorious for being one of the most unnerving events in not only WWII, but even world history. The treatment that

Monday, May 11, 2020

Essay about American Exceptionalism and Cross-Cultural...

The study of American exceptionalism and cross-cultural communications has the ability to improve U.S. military effectiveness in USPACOM. Understanding these two cultural principles will improve effectiveness in three ways. First, it allows USPACOM personnel to understand their biases. Second, it gives USPACOM personnel a perspective on how nations in their area of responsibility may potentially view their actions. Finally, cross-cultural communications provides tools for USPACOM personnel to overcome their biases and skepticism from potential partners or adversaries, setting the stage for more effective military engagements. The importance of understanding these two cultural elements will magnify in the future due to the pending shift†¦show more content†¦national interest.† Both the National Security Strategy and USPACOM strategy place strong emphasis on communicating with nations in the region and building partnerships. A sound understanding of the cultural environment is critical in achieving these strategic objectives. Incorporating cultural understanding into the planning process gives military leaders an edge in planning effective engagements that will eventually result in better communication with both adversaries and allies and stronger partnerships across the region. To achieve cultural understanding USPACOM personnel must first exam the concept of American exceptionalism. American exceptionalism has several meanings, which led Ceaser to describe it as not a concept but a family of concepts. However, Ceaser does identify the common denominator of these various definitions as a claim to uniqueness. This uniqueness refers to the idea that there is either something different about America or something special about America. America is different is the notion that compared to other advance societies the United States is different in key social areas like religion, politics, criminal justice, birth rates, belief in personal freedom, etc. Research conducted by social scientist indicates th e United States is an outlier in these areas supporting the idea that America is literally different from other nations. The idea that America is different is a concept embraced by socialShow MoreRelatedNation-State and Transnational Entities1791 Words   |  8 Pagesand a nation; in fact even experts in this matter sometime used the terms synonymously. A state, nation, and nation-state differ from each other in a couple of ways. For starters, a nation is not necessarily political entity. Instead it is a social-cultural entity with a group of people sharing some commonality. Most notably people in a nation speak a common official language (s) and practice a same general culture. It is the shared official language and the culture that unites this people fosteringRead MoreEvil Disney, Research Response to Henry Giroux5383 Words   |  22 Pageshandedly by Walter Elias Walt Disney. He was born on December 5, 1901, one of five children. Walt had a love for drawing cartoons early on and even made money as a child by selling some of them to family and friends. When he was 16 he joined the Red Cross as an ambulance driver for WW1 after being denied service in the army for his young age. This patriotic fervor that would later shape his cartoons. When he returned home from the war he made a few failed attempts at working in different animation companiesRead MoreGoogle Inc. in China Essay7722 Words   |  31 Pagescensorship that I feel are criminal and unethical which should be removed for legal, moral, and ethical reasons. I do not have an ideological belief that everything should be published and protected within free speech. That being said the things that cross that barrier are outlined well in US law and even more harshly abroad (abuses to children, women, etc.). Although many things are horrific, it is a dangerous subject to define what should be censored and not. In this case I understand the Chinese governmentRead MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambigu ities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 PagesTamir Bar-On. Introduction: In Latin America, soccer is not a game; it is a way of life. It is mixed in with politics and nationalism. It defines social classes. How politically influential is soccer in Latin America? It is used by â€Å"various Latin American socio-economic elites in order to retard the acceleration of working class and popular discontent† (Bar-On 1997:1.8). Is it then not intriguing that women play no part in the scheme of things? I can immediately off the top of my head name at leastRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Article Evaluation Sleep Deprivation to Aggressive Behavior Free Essays

Sleep Depression, Depletion Aggressive Behavior Article Evaluation paper Does sleep deprivation affect a person’s self-control? Does the availability of one’s self-control be affected by the lack of sleep? Nonetheless, Can sleep deprivation cause someone to display more aggressive behaviors? A group of researchers wanted to answers these three questions. The researchers produced an experiment to explore the variable of sleep deprivation its correlation to self-control aggressive behavior. According to the Limited Self Regulatory Model, self- regulation is more difficult when someone is fatigued or has limited energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Article Evaluation Sleep Deprivation to Aggressive Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now When energy of mental activity is low, a person’s self-control is impaired, a person is considered to be in a state of â€Å"depletion† (self-regulation failure. ) Fifty-eight participants were separated in two groups: sleep deprived (depletion group,) with no sleep for twenty-four hours prior to the experiment non-sleep deprived (non-depletion group) The participants were instructed to watch unpleasant footage from two films their reactions were observed by a video camera . Participants in the sleep-deprived group were asked to show no facial expressions, where as the non-depletion condition were told to act naturally. Participants instructed to neutralize their facial expressions were less expressive than participants instructed to act naturally. With in the experiment, an aggression task was given to participants designed to measure their aggression. Participants were told they were going to play a trail game to win the game they must push a key faster than online opponent. Prior to each trial the participants were asked to set the noise level (between 0-10, 0= no sound, 10= loudest sound), which would sound at the opponent when the participant would win. After each trail the opponent’s noise choice level was displayed on the screen as one level higher than what the participant set. As a result, participants were thought to believe their opponent were more aggressive than they were, evoking aggressive behavior from the participant. Thus participants in the sleep deprived/ depletion group selected higher noise levels than non- sleep deprived/ non-depletion group. Accordingly, the data collected supported state of sleep does not affect a person self control or influence aggressive behavior. Instead, self-control aggressive behavior is determined by the availability of person self- regulatory resources. The method in which the experiment was conducted could be re-produced, but may be time consuming. Instead of being able to conduct one task to measure the correlation of the sleep deprivation to the questioned variables, more then one task had to be executed. I believe the external validity the internal validity of the experiment were not passable. The subjects were randomly assigned to the sleep deprived or non-sleep deprived group, however there was no obtained information about the participant’s sleep deprivation tolerance. Such a factor (sleep deprivation tolerance) can change the results of data. In addition, the experiment did not specifically measure whether participants who were kept awake for 24 hours were in fact sleepier than participants who got a full night’s rest. Among people, population, races such a tolerance varies. Applying a generalization across the board can introduce bias to the experiment. The implication that self-control aggressive behavior is determined by the availability of a person self- regulatory resources/ability can be applied to real life. When I am tired I feel my self-control is not as available as when I am awake. If I were one of the participants in the experiment watching the film and performing the aggression task, I would not think about the way I present my emotions till after the matter: during that time my ability to think of my emotional response how to control my emotional response would not happen/ be available to me. With this in mind, this article relates to the functions of the self – discussed about in class. The four main functions to the self (self-knowledge, self-control, self- presentation, self-justification) determine a person’s self- regulatory resources. The ability to look inward, examine our thoughts, feelings, mood (introspection) control our willpower, allows us to overcome a counterproductive impulse to achieve different goals. On the other hand, when we try hard to practice introspection self-control, controlling the self in one context may cause us to indulge in another context, producing self-regulation failure. By large, the researchers of the experiment were looking into the function of the self applying it real life. By conduction the experiment, the researchers discovered that the state of sleep does not affect a person self control or influence aggressive behavior, but that self-control aggressive behavior is determined by the availability of a person self- regulatory resources. How to cite Article Evaluation Sleep Deprivation to Aggressive Behavior, Essay examples

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Orion Essays - Orion, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Oenopion, Canis Major

Orion Orion "Down fell the red skin of the lion Into the river at his feet. His mighty club no longer beat The forehead of the bull; but he Reeled as of yore beside the sea, When blinded by Oenopion He sought the blacksmith at his forge, And climbing up the narrow gorge, Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun." ~The "Occultation of Orion" by Mr. Longfellow~ This poem was written about the Greek myth of Orion. The story says that Orion, the son of Neptune, was a handsome giant and a mighty hunter. His father gave him the power of wading through the depths of the sea, or, as others would say, walking on its surface. Orion loved Merope, the daughter of Oenopion, king of Chios, and sought her in marriage. He cleared the island of wild beasts, and brought the spoils of the chase as presents to his beloved; but as Oenopion constantly deferred his consent, Orion attempted to gain possession of the maiden by violence. Her father, incensed at this conduct, having made Orion drunk, deprived him of his si ght and cast him out on the seashore. The blinded hero followed the sound, of a Cyclops' hammer till he reached Lemnos, and came to the forge of Vulcan(Hephaestus), who, taking pity on him, gave him Kedalion, one of his men to be his guide to the abode of the sun. Placing Kedalion on his shoulders, Orion proceeded to the east, and there meeting the sun-god(Helios) was restored to sight by his beam. After this he dwelt as a hunter with Diana(Artemis), with whom he was a favorite, and it was even said she was about to marry him. Her brother was highly displeased and often chid with her, but for no purpose. One day, observing Orion wading through the sea with his head just above the water, Apollo pointed it out to his sister and maintained that she could not hit that black thing on the sea. The archer-goddess discharged a shaft with fatal aim. The waves rolled the dead body of Orion to the land, and bewailing her fatal error with many tears, Diana placed him among the stars, where he a ppears as a giant, with a girdle, sword, lion's skin, and club. Sirius, his dog, follows him, and the Pleiads fly before him. Orion, the brightest constellation in the sky, is easy to find if you look for the three bright stars that make up Orion's belt. Once you have found this distinctive pattern, two other very bright stars will help you define the rest of the constellation. The first star, Betelgeuse, is located at Orion's right shoulder. The second, Rigel, is at his lower left. Orion is the great hunter, aiming his arrow and holding his club over his head. His sword hangs from his belt. In the area of this sword are found a number of very exciting star formation regions, including the Great Nebula of Orion. The nebula is visible with the unaided eye, as a smudge about halfway down his sword. The Great Nebula of Orion(star M42) is one of the most photographed objects in the sky. This area is a collection of gas and dust where stars are being born. The central bright star that is illuminating the gaseous cloud is actually four stars known as the Trapezium. The nebula itself is one of the nearest star formations at only about 1,500 light years away. It has formed stars recently, only 300,000 years ago. In Orion many of the stars have different colors, colors tell us about a star's temperature, composition, age, size, and distance from us. Red stars are generally older, cooler stars that have used up much of their hydrogen fuel. Blue stars are generally younger and hotter. Most of these stars are blue, with the exception of the very red star, Betelgeuse. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant, Rigel is a blue supergiant. The red streak in the sword area is the Orion Nebula. Orion is located in the celestial equator and Orion's outstretched upper arm is located in the Milky Way. Orion is followed by two hunting dogs at his right. One of these, Canis Major, contains the brightest